Nanomagnetite/potassium carrageenan bio-composite (NC) exhibited high specific surface area (406 m 2 /g), mesoporosity (pore radius, 3.64 nm), point of zero charge around pH6.0, and the occurrence of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. Comparing between adsorption and photo-Fenton degradation process for methylene blue (MB) on the surface of the prepared solid materials.

Characterization of the prepared solid materials using different physicochemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy-disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (DRS), swelling ratio (SR%), N 2 adsorption, pH of point of zero charges (pH PZC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The present study deals with the preparation of nanomagnetite (NM), potassium carrageenan (KC), and nanomag-netite/potassium carrageenan bio-composite beads (NC).

Recycling studies show a MB decolorization of 92% after three cycles and the use of the composite for the degradation of another dye (methyl orange) shows a degradation of 99%, demonstrating that this composite is a promising heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst for long-term removal of dyes from industrial wastewater. A high degradation of 95% was achieved within 150 min under UV light irradiation at natural pH (pH = 5), a catalyst loading of 2.5 g/L, a H2O2 dosage of 14.68 mol/L, and MB concentration of 50 mg/L. The results indicated that the MB decolorization rate increased with the increase of H2O2 concentration and catalyst addition however, further increase in H2O2 concentration and catalyst dosage could not result in an increase of MB removal efficiency. The effect of major parameters, including pH, H2O2 concentration, and a dose of composite on the removal of MB has been studied. The prepared composite was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, ICP, and FT-IR. The photo-Fenton oxidation process was employed to degrade methylene blue (MB) using a hydroxide sludge/hydrochar-Fe composite as a catalyst prepared by physical activation of raw hydroxide sludge from a drinking water treatment plant and hydrochar-Fe prepared by hydrothermal carbonization from two-phase olive mill waste.

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